Atrial fibrillation ablation guided with electroanatomical mapping system: A one year follow up.

Aim AF is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and associated with an increased long-term risk of stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. Catheter ablation of AF is relatively new modality to convert AF to sinus rhythm. This study was aimed to elaborate efficacy of catheter ablation in mixed type of AF. Methods Thirty patients (age of 52 ± 8 yo) comprised of 19 paroxysmal and 11 chronic AF underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by electroanatomical CARTO™ mapping system. We used step wise ablation approach with circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as a cornerstone. Additional ablation comprised of roof line, mitral isthmus line, complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE), septal line and coronary sinus ablation was done respectively if indicated. All patients were followed up to 1 year for AF recurrence. Results Circumferential PVI was successfully performed in all patients but one. Average follow up period was 11.5 months. More than 80% of all patients remain in sinus rhythm at the end of follow period which 62% of them were free from any anti-arrhythmic drug. No major complication in all patients series. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation guided with electroanatomical mapping is effective and safe in mixed type of AF.

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (ptsma) of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Indonesian initial experience.

Aim Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA), a non-surgical intervention to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), has been a standard treatment in developed countries. However, this procedure not yet systematically performed in Indonesia. This case series aim to study feasibility, safety and efficacy of PTSMA in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta. M ethods Three HCM patients (2 male) with dynamic left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradient of higher than 30 mmHg underwent PTSMA. Left ventricle apex pressure was measured using multipurpose catheter and aortic pressure was measured by means of left coronary guiding catheter simultaneously. Target vessel is confirmed by myocardial echocardiography contrast. Two ml absolute alcohol delivered to the target vessel by means over the wire balloon. Immediate pressure gradient changed 10 minute after alcohol administration was recorded. Continuous ECG monitoring is attemted along the procedure. Results All subject demonstrated more than 50% LVOT pressure gradient reduction. One subject experienced transient total AV block and right bundle branch block which completely recovered 6 hours after procedure. In one patient, target vessel must be changed as it gives perfusion to extensive area of right ventricle. Conclusion PTSMA guided with myocardial echocardiography contrast is feasible, safe and effective to reduce LVOT pressure gradient in HCM patient.

Risk factors and incidence of contrast induced nephropathy following coronary intervention.

Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of important complication of contrast media administration. Its incidence and risk factors among Indonesian patients undergoing coronary intervention has not been reported yet. CIN was defined as increasing of serum creatinine by 0.5 mg/dl or more in the third day following contrast media exposure. Of 312 patients undergoing coronary intervention, 25% developed CIN. Patient-related risk factors comprised of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, NYHA class, proteinuria, serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl and ejection fraction ≤ 35%. Contrast-related risk factors comprised of contrast media volume > 300 ml, contrast media type. However, our final model demonstrated that only hypertension [Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.89, 95% confidence intrval (CI) = 1.78 to 4.71, P = 0.000], diabetes mellitus (HR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.89 to 5.06, P = 0.000), ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 35% (HR = 2.92; 95% CI = 1.72 to 4.96; P = 0.000), total contrast volume > 300 ml (HR = 7.73; 95% CI = 3.09 to 19.37; P = 0.000) and proteinuria (HR = 14.96; 95% CI = 3.45 to 64.86; P = 0.000) were independent risk factors of CIN. In conclusion, CIN developed in 25% of patients undergoing coronary intervention. The independent risk factors of CIN included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, EF ≤ 35%, contrast volume > 300 ml and proteinuria.

A novel non invasive measurement of hemodynamic parameters: Comparison of single-chamber ventricular and dual-chamber pacemaker.

We carried out a cross sectional study to analyze hemodynamic parameters of single-chamber ventricular pacemaker compared with dual-chamber pacemaker by using thoracic electrical bioimpedance monitoring method (Physio Flow™) - a novel simple non-invasive measurement. A total of 48 consecutive outpatients comprised of 27 single chamber pacemaker and 21 dual chamber were analyzed. We measured cardiac parameters: heart rate, stroke volume index, cardiac output index, estimated ejection fraction, end diastolic volume, early diastolic function ratio, thoracic fluid index, and systemic parameters: left cardiac work index and systemic vascular resistance index. Baseline characteristic and pacemaker indication were similar in both groups. Cardiac parameters assessment revealed no significant difference between single-chamber pacemaker and dual-chamber pacemaker in heart rate, stroke volume index, cardiac index, estimated ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, thoracic fluid index. There was significantly higher early diastolic function ratio in single-chamber pacemaker compared to dual-chamber pacemaker: 92% (10.2-187.7%) vs. 100.6% (48.7-403.2%); p=0.006. Systemic parameters assessment revealed significantly higher left cardiac work index in single-chamber group than dual-chamber group 4.9 kg.m/m² (2.8-7.6 kg.m/m²) vs. 4.3 kg.m/m² (2.9-7.2 kg.m/m²); p=0.004. There was no significant difference on systemic vascular resistance in single-chamber compared to dual-chamber pacemaker. Single-chamber ventricular pacemaker provides similar stroke volume, cardiac output and left cardiac work, compared to dual-chamber pacemaker. A non-invasive hemodynamic measurement using thoracic electrical bioimpedance is feasible for permanent pacemaker outpatients.

Electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency ablation of right atrial flutter.

This study aimed to elaborate the electrophysiology characteristics and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) results of atrial flutter (AFL) which has not been established in Indonesia. Three multipolar catheters were inserted percutaneously and positioned into coronary sinus (CS), His bundle area and around tricuspid annulus. Eight mm ablation catheter was used to make linear ablation at CTI of typical and reverse typical AFL. Bidirectional block was confirmed by conduction time prolongation of more than 90 msec from low lateral to CS ostium and vice versa, and/or by means of differential pacing. Thirty AFL from 27 patients comprised of 19 typical AFL, 5 reverse typical AFL and 6 atypical AFL enrolled the study. Mean tachycardia cycle length (TCL) were 261.8 ± 42.84, 226.5 ± 41.23, and 195.4 ± 9.19 msec, respectively (p = 0.016). CTI conduction time occupied up to 60% of TCL with mean conduction time of 153.0 ± 67.37 msec. CS activation distributed to three categories which comprised of proximal to distal, distal to proximal and fusion activation. Only nine of 27 patients had no structural heart disease. RFA of symptomatic typical and reverse typical AFL demonstrated 96% success and 4.5 % recurrence rate during 13 ± 8 months follow up. Typical AFL is the predominant type of AFL in our population. The majority of AFL cases suffered from structural heart disease. RFA was highly effective to cure typical and reverse typical AFL.

Heart rate turbulence in patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention and fibrinolytic treatment for acute myocardial infarction.

Heart rate turbulence (HRT) as novel predictor of sudden cardiac death were superior to all other presently available indicators. HRT significantly was improves after successful reperfusion reflecting rapid restoration of baroreceptor response. We investigated turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) values among patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent revascularization by means of primary PCI or fibrinolytic. We hypothesized that the values of TO and TS were different in two kinds of revascularization treatment. The subjects underwent 24 hours ECG recording after revascularization therapy. TO was quantified by the relative change of the first two sinus RR intervals following a ventricular premature beat (VPB) and the last two sinus RR intervals before the VPB. TS was quantified by the maximum positive slope of a regression line assessed over any sequence of five subsequent sinus rhythm RR intervals within the first two sinus rhythm intervals after a VPB. Thirteen patients (mean of age 56 ± 9 years old) who underwent revascularization treatment of acute STEMI were eligible as subject of this study.Ten patients underwent fibrinolytic therapy and three patients underwent primary PCI. TO value was significantly different between PCI group and fibrinolytic group (-3.3 ± 1.7 % vs -0.2 ± 0.9 % ; P=0.03). The Primary PCI group has better outcome on turbulence slope value (TS) than fibrinolytic group but not significance (7.7 ± 4.4 msec/RR interval vs 3.4 ± 2.6 msec/RR interval; P = 0.056). In conclusion, TO was better in acute STEMI patient undergone PCI compare to that undergone fibrinolytic therapy.

Left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with increased ostial pulmonary vein diameter.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), which is called as a global epidemic disease, frequently found in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Pulmonary vein (PV), which is known to have an important role in AF initiation and maintenance, increases in its diameter during AF. We sought to investigate PVs diameter changes in LVH with sinus rhythm. Of 70 hypertensive patients with sinus rhythm, 42 subjects demonstrated LVH. The mean ostial diameter of patient with and without LVH, assessed by doing spiral multisliced CT scan in the axial plane, were as follow: right superior (RSPV) of 19.6±2.78 vs 17.8±1.93 (p = 0.003), right inferior (RIPV) of 18.4±3.12 vs 16.0±2.19 (p < 0.001), left superior (LSPV) of 18.1±2.62 vs 16.0±2.16 (p < 0.001), and left inferior (LIPV) of 15.9±1.93 vs 15.4±1.85 mm (p = 0.284), respectively. Even during sinus rhythm, LVH causes PV dilation. This result might give an explanation of frequent AF prevalence in hypertensive patients.

Left-sided approach of AV junction ablation for drug refractory atrial fibrillation.

AV junction ablation has been proven effective to treat symptomatic atrial fibrillation refractory to antiarrhythmias or fail of pulmonary vein isolation. However, about 15% of conventional right-sided approach AV junction ablation failed to produce complete heart block. This study aimed to characterize His bundle potential at ablation site during conventional or left-sided approach of AV junction ablation. Twenty symptomatic AF patient (age of 60.5 ± 9.28 and 11 are females) underwent conventional AV junction ablation. If 10 applications of radiofrequency energy are failed, then the ablation was performed by left-sided approach. Seventeen patients are successfully ablated by conventional approach. In 3 patients, conventional was failed but successfully ablated by left-sided approach. The His bundle amplitude at ablation site was significantly larger in left-sided than correspondence right-sided (16.0 ± 4.99 mm vs. 6.9 ± 4.02 mm respectively, p = 0.001, 95% CI -14.0 to -4.3). ROC analysis of His bundle potential amplitude recorded from right-sided revealed that cut off point of > 4.87 mm given the sensitivity of 81.3% and specificity of 53.8% for successful right-sided approach of AV junction ablation. In case of failed conventional approach, the left-sided approach is effective for AV junction ablation. An early switch to the left-sided approach may avoid multiple RF applications in patients with a low amplitude His-bundle potential (< 4.87 mm).

Potential use of isosorbide dinitrate As a new drug for tilt table test of young adult subject: A study of haemodynamic effects.

Vasovagal syncope is a common health problem in young adult population. Tilt table test (TTT) is the only method to diagnose vasovagal syncope. Since isoprenaline as a standard provocative drug of TTT is hard to be found in Indonesia, we study the haemodynamic effect of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) which has similar venous pooling effect with isoprenaline. Seventeen young healthy adult subjects (age of 28.6 ± 4.7 year old, and 14 males) underwent TTT using 400 μg ISDN spray sublingually as a provocative drug. The haemodynamic changes were observed during baseline and provocative phase. None of 17 subjects experienced of syncope. Although, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly decreased and the heart rate significantly increased after ISDN administration, but the changes were not sufficient to cause syncopal event. In conclusion sublingual ISDN spray during TTT of young healthy adult subject changes haemodynamic measures but did not cause syncope. These results give a reasonable basic for ISDN usage as provocative drug of TTT.

QT dispersion, a simple tool to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction.

Recent studies showed contradictive results of the relation between QT dispersion and the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death. In addition, beta adrenoreceptors blocking agents, which are known to decrease the incidence of lethal arrhythmias after myocardial infarction, administered to the majority of patients in those studies population. Since β -blocker as secondary prevention drug was underutilized at National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, this study was performed to find out the relation between QT dispersion and ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death after previous myocardial infarction. The QT interval duration, QT dispersion and clinical variables of 36 postinfarction patients with history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death (event group) were compared with 75 postinfarction patients without such events (control group). QT dispersion differed significantly between study groups and was increased in the event group (115 ± 41 msec vs 81 ± 25 msec, p < 0.001). Corrected maximal QT interval duration was also prolonged in the event group (534 ± 56 vs 501 ± 35 msec, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that increasing QT dispersion was related to the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death with OR of 3.2, 4, and 5.8 for cut-off point of 80, 90, and 100 msec respectively. The QT dispersion could predict the occurrence of ventricle tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death in patient with AMI. This study confirmed that the QTd remain useful in free of beta blocking agents state.